Chapter 1: On Utopia

It’s not clear when humanoids made the transition from brutish animals to thinking beings. The adoption of language, the creation of tools, and the discovery of fire are clearly important landmark events that followed that transition; but where it began, and how it proceeded, is shrouded in mystery. It’s likely that it will never be known, unless time travel becomes a reality.

Homo Sapiens were not the only thinking line of humanoids. Several branches of the humanoid family made that transition from brute to intellectual. Neanderthals had language, art, tools, fire, and clothes. Sure, Neanderthals were ‘just’ cavemen, but that misses the point. They were not stupid. They could solve problems.

Somehow, Homo Sapiens survived while the other branches of humanoid died out. Was it a matter of degree of intelligence or some physical advantage? That is hard to answer. There are hypotheses that masquerade as theories, but the evidence is not compelling one way or the other; as, in the main, there is very little of it.

It’s easy to fall into the trap of thinking that modern man is more intelligent than our ancestors. After all, we have computers to count for us while they had fingers or strings with knots. We have cars and airplanes while they were lucky to have shoes. Of course, we could take the most intelligent man of modern times, strip him naked, and throw him into the middle of the Everglades swamp with absolutely nothing. He, too, would be lucky to have shoes.

The complexity of tools and sophistication of theories is not to be confused with the intellectual prowess necessary to create them. The intellect necessary to invent the brick was no less than the intellect necessary to create the silicon chip. The intellect necessary to invent bronze was no less than that necessary to invent the laser.

So much of what is considered advanced in the modern world, are simply refinements of things that existed before. The silicon chip owes its existence to the brick. The modern digital telephone is not that far removed from jungle drums used to communicate across distances with discrete signal patterns.

The advances of the past and the advances of the present are not as far removed from one another, as our modern hubris would have us think. The collective ignorance of the world has shrunk over time. But that is because with each new idea, discovery, and invention; the body of human knowledge has increased. It has been increasing for tens of thousands of years. It gives an illusion of greater accomplishment than that which actually exists.

The rate at which the body of knowledge increases, isn’t a good measure of the intellectual capacity of individuals within a given generation. It’s a better to see it as a measure of the education and the quantity of people contributing to that body of knowledge. It has been estimated that between eighty to ninety percent of the scientists and engineers who have ever existed, are alive today. Of course, the population of the world has gone from one billion in 1800 to over six billion in 2000. That is a significant difference from the million that existed in 70,000 BC.

The key point, is that the intellectual capacity of a modern human being, is not that much different from that of our most primitive ancestors. One might argue that it may not have changed at all, since that early transition from brute to thinking being. Of course, there are the effects that a better diet can have on individual intellectual capacity, but it should be remembered that not all of our ancestors suffered from malnutrition.

In what might be a great surprise to modern men and women, is that the subjects of thought have not changed in at least 70,000 years. People today are just as concerned about the basics of food, shelter, clothing, mating, and death; as our ancestors ever were. Our ancestors were just as interested in art, music, history, literature, math, science, engineering, and religion; as is modern man. Getting along with others has always been an important area of thought; with trade, politics, sociology, and psychology foremost among them.

The stories told in ancient times covered the significant deeds of great men and women; love affairs gone well, or tragically; wars won, or lost. The modern reader can listen to a story twenty centuries old, and follow themes that appear in stories written today.

Although it may be self-evident, it’s a fact that there hasn’t been enough physiological divergence for modern man to be classified differently from the first Homo Sapiens. It may not seem that way. The average height of Homo Sapiens has increased, throughout history, but there have been improvements in diet and nutrition also. Modern athletes appear to perform at greater limits than those of the past, but modern athletes are often specialists, now; rather than generalists, as were those of the past.

Given that there have been no physical or intellectual changes of substance between modern man and our earliest ancestors, what has changed in 70,000 years?

Well ... nothing.

When the pretensions of grandeur afforded us by our modern technologies are stripped away, it’s discovered that we human beings are just the same as our ancient ancestors.

Modern humans suffer from the same emotions and passions that have always existed.

Man sees woman, woman sees man, and the mating dance begins. The form of the dance depends upon the current conditions, but wealth, power, beauty, personality and intelligence have always played a role. There may be social conventions put upon men and women, but tales of lovers who run to avoid parental interference, adulterers who meet despite existing mating bonds, and loves that endure in spite of external attack; tell us that the essence of love hasn’t changed.

Hate, jealousy, and envy are just as much a part of being human as love and sexual desire. Strong negative emotions lead to violence, and even murder. Stories as old as time are told of vendettas, revenge, and crimes of passion. Stories that were old then, are just as relevant, now.

Like a coin with two sides, there are two sides to every person. People attempt to put forth the side that will gain praise, adoration, and recognition from others. For each good, there is a bad. For every positive emotion there is a negative emotion. We seek out recognition and avoid humiliation. We act in the hope of achieving praise, but sometimes we slip and find ourselves subject to criticism.